Что такое аутизм

It has also been referred to as Asperger’s (primarily differentiated from autism by the person’s language skills), autism, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), classical autism, high functioning autism, kanner autism, Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA), and Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD).

These different terms are used by different groups of people, depending upon the agenda of their diagnosis, the toolkits used to for the diagnosis, as well as the primary characteristics of the person undergoing the diagnosis. In the UK, ASD is the most used term, particularly by medical professionals. Here at the Autism Information and Advice Service, we prefer to use the term ASC (autism spectrum condition), as this is becoming more commonly used by the autistic community, as the language has more positive connotations. The important thing to note is that the variety of names used to describe autism and the traits they refer to reflect the wide array of ways autism is experienced.

As autism is a condition that affects how a person perceives the world around them, many aspects of everyday life can therefore be much more challenging for an autistic individual. Activities that нейротипичный (the word used to describe people who do not have autism) individuals often take for granted, can in fact be overwhelming for an autistic person. For example, shopping at the supermarket, going to the cinema, attending a job interview, or going on a night out. All these activities include navigating a series of unpredictable situations, interacting, and communicating with lots of different people, and coping with a variety of competing sensory experiences. When we consider this, it is easy to understand why autistic individuals often describe the social world as overwhelming and significantly anxiety inducing.

An autistic individual may therefore find the following challenging:

• Взаимодействие и общение с другими людьми, особенно с незнакомцами
• Понимание сарказма, метафор или абстрактных идей
• Интеграция конкурирующих сенсорных ощущений, включая прикосновение, шум, запах, свет и цвета
• Обработка и понимание того, что происходит вокруг них
• Как справиться с изменением распорядка или неожиданной ситуацией
• Понимание эмоций других и реагирование на них

Because of the unique way an autistic person’s mind works, they may also exhibit the following characteristics, which other people may find difficult to understand:

• Необычно сильный интерес к определенной теме или предмету
• Повторяющиеся действия или поведение
• Нетипичные эмоциональные реакции или выражения
• Недостаточная или чрезмерная реакция на определенные сенсорные раздражители или крайняя неприязнь к чему-либо
• Ограничительные пищевые привычки
• Потребность в строгом распорядке или выработке привычного поведения

It is therefore easy to see why an autistic person may feel ‘different’ to others and why they may find the social world and building relationships with non-autistic individuals frustrating.

The many challenges that an autistic individual may face and the common traits of autism are often broken down into three specific categories:

1. Нарушение социального понимания и отношений
2. Нарушение коммуникации и взаимодействия
3. Нарушение образного мышления и негибкость в мыслях и поведении

However, it is important to recognise that all autistic people experience their autism differently. When thinking about autism, it is helpful to remember that everyone’s autism is different – this is why it is called a spectrum condition.